Dnike

First, accept the owner Inquiry
1, Ocean Inquiry:
① need to master the delivery port to every continent, the major route used, and often need to service the port owner, the price;
② major shipping companies sailing information;
③ necessary inquiry should ask the owner of some categories of information, such as the cargo name, risk level, etc. (Sea IMDG)
2, land inquiry: (RMB costs)
① need to master every major city mileage and drag cartons;
② The port packing prices;
③ customs fees, commodity inspection, plant quarantine fees.
3, fail to provide, the need to please the customer leave your phone, name and other contact elements in order to reply within the shortest possible time owner.
Second, the orders (to accept the owner commissioned)
After receiving the owner commission (usually faxes) to be a clear focus on information:
1, schedules, number of
2, box, box volume
3, GW
4, the volume
Maximum volume of the type: (L * W * H) can be mounted volume, the weight can be loaded
1 × 20GP = 31CBM 6 * 2.38 * 2.38 25 17MT
1 × 40GP = 67CBM 12 * 2.38 * 2.38 55 25MT
1 × 40HC = 76CBM 12 * 2.7 * 2.38
1 × 45GP = 86CBM
(Note: GP general purpose ordinary box; CBM cubic metre cubic meters; MT metric ton metric tons; HC high cubic High Cube)
5, pay provisions, the owner Contact
6, do the box situation, door to door or interior
Third, the booking
1, Drawing power of attorney (X manifest); system to ensure that the original single greatest care should be one of the data is correct, consistent, so as to reduce the frequency of follow-up process changes.
2, stamped with the company booking Chapter booking:
Need to provide booking attachments (such as shipping companies price confirmation), can only get ready to go should be booking.
3, obtained with the capsule back to a single, removal of the vessel name, voyage number, bill of lading number information.
Fourth, do the box
1, door to door:
Completed packing plan: time to do box, vessel name, voyage, off a single number, transit port, destination port, gross weight, number, size, door to door, contacts, phone, etc. to be due, before the cut off date (sailing Two days before) ranked 1 to 2 days good car classes.
2, built:
Completed packing plan: Sailing Vessel voyage, off a single number, transit port, destination port, gross, number, size, number, etc. to be due for entrance, before the cut off date (two days before sailing) 1 ~ 2 day line up car classes.
3, Box’s acquisition of two methods to do the packing list from (CLP)
Fifth, the declaration (sometimes simultaneously, sometimes prior to doing box)
1, about the declaration of export goods often required information.
① need inspection
② need quotas
③ need license
④ certificate required
⑤ must provide the trademark license, trademark name
⑥ export value of Hong Kong more than $ 100,000 in other regions more than $ 500,000 write-off is required to provide foreign exchange sales statement (copy)
⑦ chapter must provide the Chamber of Commerce, the nuclear price
2, the complete name of the vessel voyage, the bill of lading number, corresponding to the packing list (packing list), the invoice, displayed gross weight, number, package type, amount, volume, audit the accuracy of declarations (the same document).
3, showing where the goods declaration “Chinese Name” control customs codes Guinness, check product codes, review whether the two match, by coding to determine the units of measurement, and listed under the Customs supervision conditions viewed the lack of declaration elements.
4, available customs power of attorney, declarations, manuals, invoices, packing lists, write-off single, with a capsule back to a single (X manifest after the fifth joint), change orders (if required) and other required information on the day before the cut-off clearance.
5, the tracking station receipts, to ensure that stowage on board.
6, all shut with the change, if one has the next voyage, still need to be shipped, such as licensing, quotas, commodity inspection, plant quarantine and the like documents, back off and replaced with a notice should be in the boat configuration duration of one week to reach to (reported transportation department) successfully withdraw information, re-use. Otherwise it will be extended schedules, causing trouble.
Sixth, the bill of lading to confirm and modify
1, and ask the customer “bill of lading,” the form of payment:
① call on:
Required to provide customers with the original “electric release bond” (bottom left), issued after the company “guarantees” to the shipping companies call on.
② advances (if possible)
Required to provide customers with the original “master of the bond” (bottom left), issued after the company “guarantees” to the shipping company advances.
③ backdating (if possible)
Required to provide customers with the original “backdating Guarantee” (bottom left), issued after the company “guarantees” to the shipping companies backdating.
* In this case, most are issued HOUSE B / L.
④ sub-single:
Ship should be so open after 3 to 4 days (waiting manifest customs service to ensure that the tax rebate), then vote off one single split off into many votes.
⑤ and single:
Ship should be so open after 3 to 4 days (waiting manifest customs service to ensure that the tax rebate), and then votes off one vote off one single synthetic
⑥ single release off-site:
Subject to shipping companies agreed, and the owner guarantees and off-site to obtain orders of contact, telephone, fax, company name, address and other information before they release a single.
2, based on raw data, fax for the owner to confirm and establish the bill of lading according to return the correct content.
Seven, signing
1, see whether each original bill of lading are signed all the badges.
2, the need for manually signed.
Eight, voyage expenses settlement
1, sea freight
① Prepaid (FREIGHT PREPAID)
② to pay (FREIGHT COLLECT)
2, land freight
① booking
② customs (including the back off the declaration have been before expenses)
③ made box (built / door to door)
④ other costs should be considered:
Red port charges / fees washed off
Commodity inspection, plant quarantine, delivery fees, courier fees, electric discharge, change
Nine, bills of lading, invoices issued (Shipments)
1, the owner of unsolicited pickup, take a receipt
2, through the EMS, and express delivery, and should be in the “name and address list”, marked as: “the bill of lading”, “invoice number”, “write off a single number,” “license number”, “quota number”, etc. elements for future verification
Ten, within a month to urge the voyage costs and the timely return of the owner of the liquidation of the “tax write-off single”
XI, customs tax problem, need to change and to provide the following information:
l, customs data is correct, incorrect manifests
① The pre-recorded after the declaration copy; ② station receipts copy ;
③ two copies of original bills of lading;
④ Packing List (Container Load Plan) a copy;
⑤ correct one (triple, the original).
2 shorts (less than reported out), premium package (underreporting more)
① boat 5 days (working days) did not promptly corrected within:
First to pay a fine gold 3000-5000;
Provided the owner to re-invoice, packing list (Packing list)
Owner to re-provide declarations
Bill of lading copies (stamped “copy of the bill of lading to confirm chapter”)
② boat 5 days (days) changes within
Bill of lading copies (stamped “copy of the bill of lading to confirm chapter”)
Original and correct declaration

Do “foreigner business”, this seemingly ordinary life in question is not easy, but the network can easily become a reality. Reporters recent survey found that a special deal with foreign customers, “network operators” communities have been formed, but pretty good harvest.

Collaborated with good money

Wen she was already considered a veteran seller has.

A year ago, she wanted the U.S. to study, but the high cost of living made her brow furrowed. Happened, a few friends chatting about her experiences online shop, they sell some silk, Tibetan jewelry, and other things with Chinese characteristics, but only in the domestic business is still being done. Ms. Wen had an idea that they move with a partner, the business to the United States.

To the United States after the temperature where the lady quickly the most popular eBay online registration, a friend of the domestic supply channel, directly with the Americans, “local transaction”, then and domestic friends to share the burden in accordance with the proportion of costs and related expenses. In addition, the temperature also clocked sub-Miss Foreign Affairs, introduced the guests directly to their online shop browsing. With the temperature in the Miss United States as “dealers”, they put the chance of goods sold to the United States greatly increased.

Through the “private network re-export trade,” Wen Miss and friends have established a good way of shipping money every home, when everyone will be brought back in the Miss Trade temperature under the guidance of research focus, organize supply and expand the supply channel all of them have become a foreign trade expert.

Honesty wins praise

“Integrity and confidence are the two pillars of the success of network operators.” Miss Tang admitted the two tips in doing business online. She said with a smile, because it is dealing with foreigners, so the integrity is particularly important. “Do not allow their own records of transactions there a little stain, not to disgrace the Chinese people.”

And Ms. Tang also knew quite well, as well as Miss Li. It is said that once, a French Internet users in order to her a pearl necklace, given to the mother as a birthday gift. But until his mother’s birthday, goods not yet delivered. French people think that being cheated, and sent a strongly worded e-mail.

Ms. Li received, immediately sent a courier with another pearl necklace, and no charges. A few days later, the French received a two pearl necklaces, one that he ordered the other one is the Chinese people compensate him. French people suddenly realize that thousands of miles away trading partners had a “lovely Chinese people”, much emotion. The same honest French to return the second necklace is intact, the old Ms. Li has also become customers.

Now, Miss Lee main line on eBay pearl jewelry, season of monthly sales to reach $ 40,000. 25-year-old girl started his own company, has hired sixty-seven employees.

Cost: input is not

Make a net providers, require much cost?

This was to see what they want online. It is reported that, if you do professional items, such as professional photographic equipment, souvenirs, handicrafts (ceramics, cloisonne), etc., about 20,000 of its entry -5 million investment, the monthly purchase cost several thousand to several thousand dollars. In addition, the seller of goods need to have some professional knowledge and experience.

If you are doing the valuables like jewelry sales (which can be considered relatively high network operators inside the level). Then the investment is to maintain a major price stability, quality and reliable supply channel, about 10 million yuan. Purchase cost of more than 50,000 yuan per month, company, part-time helpers and a few thousand dollars per month wages, sales per month may exceed 10 million yuan.

Risk: exchange rate settlement

However, experts cautioned that the Internet and “foreigners” to do business, will not be smooth sailing. “The most difficult is that the first half,” an industry source told reporters that six months was laying the foundation to earn popularity and may even be erected. “Some people have lost, quit”, but if the boil in the past, usually one year after the business will pick up, operate properly, the monthly turnover will be a lot of money.

In addition, the “foreigner” to do business, have to guard against “currency settlement risk.” General online sales about a month, received notice of one month in foreign currency credited into account, take out foreign currency is converted into yuan a month. Such a long period, during which the exchange rate changes, and the liquidity of the occupation, their operation may give some risks.

Trade trade is international trade, the various methods used. With the development of international trade, trade has become more diversified. In addition to using transaction-sale in the manner, there are underwriting, agency, consignment, auction, tender and bidding, futures trading, counter trade and so on. Underwriting (exclusive sales) is accustomed to international trade is one way. China’s export business, according to the characteristics of certain goods and expanding exports needs at the right market, selecting the appropriate customer, but also can be underwritten. Underwriting (exclusive sales) refers to the exporter (principal) by agreement to a commodity or a commodity in one region and period to give the right to operate a foreign customer or the company’s trade practices. While underwriting is sold is, but with the usual underwriting unilateral transaction-export different. In addition to the parties that it has signed contract for the sale, they also need underwriting agreement signed in advance. Underwriting method used, the rights and obligations of buyers and sellers with the Underwriting Agreement is determined. Signed two contracts for the sale must also comply with the provisions of the Underwriting Agreement. Underwriting Agreement, including the following main elements:

First, the name of the underwriting agreement, contract dates and locations.

Second, the underwriting agreement before, usually in terms of the previous text, clear — the principal underwriter is the relationship between myself and my relationships (principal to principal) that the buyer-seller relationship.

Third, the principal underwriting the range of goods (the exporter) operating a wide range of goods, even with the same class or kind of goods, of which there are different grades and specifications. Thus, in the Underwriting Agreement, the parties have agreed to underwrite the range of goods.

Fourth, regional underwriting underwriting underwriters exercise area is the geographical scope of sales. Methods usually have the following conventions:

1, to determine a country or several countries;

2, determine a country in several cities;

3, to determine a city and so on.
Determine the size of the underwriting area, should consider the following factors:

1, the size and underwriting capacity;

2, underwriters can control sales network;

3, underwriting the nature and type of goods;

4, the difference of the market;

5, underwriting topography of the area location.

Fifth, underwriting underwriting period can be long term can also be short. In China’s export business, often in the underwriting agreement entered into clearly defined period, usually one year. Market practices in other countries, the provisions of the Underwriting Agreement does not limit, but the terms of the stay or renewal terms.

Sixth, the franchise is the franchise monopoly and the exercise of the underwriters specifically to buy the rights, which is an important part of the underwriting agreement. Franchise, including Monopoly and specifically the right to buy. The former is the principal (exporter) shall mean the provision of goods in the region and within the time limit to give underwriters the right to exclusive sales. Exporter to the region bears no direct sales to customers within the obligation. The latter is a commitment to the underwriters to purchase items the export of goods, and not to a third party to purchase obligations.

Seven, the number or amount of underwriting underwriting agreement, in addition to the provisions of the above, should also provide the number or amount. The number and amount of the agreement both parties equally binding. Sometimes the provisions in the agreement, the number and amount, must bear the Underwriters to purchase the required number of export and the amount of the obligation, the exporter must bear the Underwriters the number and amount of export duty.

Eight, underwriting price means the sale price of goods means there are different approaches. One measure is within the prescribed time limit, a price. Underwriting agreement, regardless of whether commodity prices, falling or not, subject to the agreement price. Another approach is within the period specified in batches underwriting price. As the changing international commodity market prices, so price is more commonly used in batches.

9, advertising, promotion, market reports and trademark protection of the parties to the Underwriting Agreement is trading relationship, the principal (exporter) is not actually involved in underwriting the sale of the business district, but he is very concerned about the overseas markets. To promote their products with the trademark, often requires the underwriters responsible for the goods he published some ads. For example, some underwriting agreement provides that: “the buyer is responsible for underwriting and funding in their region as the seller of the machinery and equipment exhibition, soliciting orders, published advertisements in the local press.” Some of the agreement: should this issue underwriters access to promising deal underwriting requirements of the customer or the seller as to provide market reports. Proxy agent is an agent (agent) in accordance with I (principal) license (Authorigation) on behalf of my contract with third parties or other legal acts. The resulting rights and obligations of a direct effect on my place.

1, the relationship between the agent and principal trading relationships are commissioned. Agents in the agency business, but on behalf of client behavior, such as to attract customers, soliciting orders, sales contracts signed on behalf of clients, dealing with the client’s goods, receiving payments, and his party to the contract itself is not as involved in the transaction.

2, agents are usually commissioned by the use of funds for business activities.

3, the agency generally does not name their own contracts with third parties.

4, the agent is paid commissions earned. Agent types in the capitalist market, usually are the following agents:
1, the agent (general agency) agent in the client’s sole agency designated areas. In addition to the right agent for his client signed a contract for the sale, handling of cargo and other business activities, but also some non-commercial activities. His right to appoint sub-agents, and agents share the commission.

2, the sole agent (theexclusive agency or soleagency)

3, commission agents (commission agency) commission agent, also known as general agent, is the agent in the same region, time and period, while there are several agents act on behalf of the principal agent. Commission agents to sell products based on the actual amount and the method according to the agreement and percentage of total income to the client a commission, the client directly with buyers in the area of ​​the actual transaction, there is no need to commission agent commissions. Consignment consignment (consignment) is a consignment of the trade commission, the international trade practice in the habit of using one. Import and export business in China, the use of consignment is not common, but in some commodities, in order to facilitate the transaction, the need to expand exports, but also the proper use of consignment may be flexible. “Consignment” is a different way of trade sales agent. It is commissioned by the (owner) shipped the first consignment of goods, the consignment entrusted to a foreign person (the trustee), in accordance with the conditions of consignment agreement, consignment were replaced by the owner of the goods sold, the owner of the consignment were settled payment of a trade practices.

Used in international trade, consignment, and sold off the normal way of comparison, it has the following characteristics:
1, the first consignment of goods were transported to the destination market (consignment to), then people in the consignment by consignment to local buyers sales. Therefore, it is typical of the kind carried out with the sale of spot trading.

2, the consignor and the consignment consignment relationship between the commission, rather than the buyer-seller relationship. Consignment consignment based only on people who dispose of the goods instructions. Title to the goods before the sale is still in the consignment to consignment people.

3, before the consignment sale of goods, including transit and consignment to arrive after all the costs and risks borne by the consignor. Shipment after the export consignment, the consignment to arrive before the goods can also use the road ways to sell, sell first one, that is when the goods are still in transit, if the conditions that the sale transaction, not a sale is still transported to their intended destination. Tendering and bidding tender (invitation to tender) is the tender in time, place, issue a single tender notice or tender made ready to buy the variety of goods, quantity and conditions of the sale, the seller invited bids behavior. Tender (tosubmit tender) is one of the bidders should be invited to tender, tender notice or tender according to one of the specified conditions, the tender within the prescribed time the behavior of human Bid. Actually bidding is a trade of two aspects.

Currently, the international use of the tender summed up in three, four ways, namely

1, competitive bidding (intenational competitive bidding, ICB) is a tender and even a few dozens of people to invite bidders to participate in the tender, bidders compete by the majority, choose one of the most advantageous tender bidders into a transaction, it is against the selling approach. International competitive bidding, there are two approaches: a, open tender (open bidding). Open tender is a competitive bidding infinite (unlimited competitive). With this approach, the tender to be published in major domestic and foreign newspapers advertising the tender, the tender for the content of any interested person has the opportunity to tender for purchase of tender information. b, selective tendering (selected bidding). Invitation to tender, also known as selective bidding, which is limited competitive bidding (limited competitive bidding). The use of a practice, the tender is not advertised on the newspapers, but according to their specific business relationship and intelligence information by the tender invitation for customers to conduct pre-qualification, and then by their tender.

2, the negotiations tender (negotiated bidding) negotiations, called the proposed standard bidding, it is non-public, is a non-competitive bidding. This tender by the tender figure full color directly with several clients negotiate successfully negotiated deal reached.

3, two tenders (two-stagebidding) is an infinite two tender and competitive bidding and limited competitive bidding integrated approach, the use of such a mode, it is an open tender, and then choose two to the tender points. Government procurement of goods, most of the use of competitive open tender approach. Auction (auction) is accepted by the franchise owner of the auction house commission, in a certain place and time fixed in accordance with the constitution and rules, to the open outcry method of bidding, the final goods to the auctioneer to the highest bidder as a cash transaction. Trading of goods by auction are some great easy to standardized quality, or difficult to go far, or is customary way of auction for the goods. Such as tea, tobacco, fur, fur, wood, etc. Some commodities, such as water mink, Australian wool, most of the transactions are conducted through international auction. Auctions are carried out by specialized organizations in the auction business, auction centers in certain markets, in a certain period of time in accordance with local laws and regulations specific procedures. Unlike most of the auction process **** easy to go through the transaction process generally prepared to see the goods, delivery of bid and payment transactions in four stages.

Bid auction method has the following three:

1, by Auction, also known as the buyer’s bid auction. This is the most common kind of auction. Auction, the auctioneer (auctioner) put forward a number of goods, announced a predetermined minimum price, the valuation by the bidders after the (bidder) have been bid, competing to increase, and sometimes the amount of each increase the amount of provisions, until the auctioneer that no people and then a higher one.

2, reduction auction, also known as the Dutch auction (dutchauction), this method first by a call for the highest auction prices, and then gradually reduce the asking price until a bidder that has been accepted to a low price, buy that .

3, sealed bids auction, sealed bids (sealed bids; closes bids), also known as auction bidding auction. Using this method, first the auctioneer announced the specific circumstances of each batch of goods and auction conditions, then by learning side within the specified time to submit their sealed bid auctions were for auction than to pay people to review decision sold the goods to which the bidder. This method is not an open bidding, the auctioneer and sometimes have to consider factors other than price. Some governments or customs in dealing with inventory or confiscation of goods, often using the auction method. Futures Exchange (futurestransaction) is one of many buyers and sellers within the major commodity exchanges in accordance with certain rules, with shouting and with the gesture to bargain a deal through a highly competitive trade. Unlike commodity futures trading in spot trading. As we all know, in the case of spot transactions, buyers and sellers in any way, at any place and time to reach a physical transaction. The seller must deliver real goods, the buyer must pay the purchase price. The futures are at a certain time in a particular futures market, for that commodity exchanges, the exchange pre-established in accordance with the “standard futures contract” in futures trading. Buyers and sellers after the transaction does not transfer the ownership of goods.

Because futures have the following characteristics:
1, Exchange does not require both parties to provide or accept the real goods;

2, the transaction is not the result of the transfer of physical goods, but the payment or the date of taking the contract and the date of the contract price differential;

3, the futures contract is a standard developed by the Exchange of futures contracts and exchange only in accordance with the provisions of commodity standards and types of transactions;

4, the futures exchange in accordance with the provisions of the delivery lead time is determined. Different products, different delivery;

5, the futures contract must be established in each exchange registration and settlement of the clearing. Types of futures trading futures, traders according to the purpose, there are two different types of nature: one is the use of futures contracts as gambling chips, buying and selling, the difference between the price fluctuations in the pure pursuit of speculative profits ; one is the real deal in the kind of people to do hedging. Former business practices known as the “fictitious”, it is the speculators on the market prospects based on their judgments and conduct of gambling speculation. The so-called “buy space”, also known as “bull” refers to the estimated price to rise speculators to buy futures; period once the goods prices, then sell futures, pocketing the difference. The latter is customary in the business known as “hedging”, also known as “sea piano.” Counter trade, counter trade (counter trade) in China has translated as “reverse trade”, “netting trading”, “reciprocal trade”, it was also generally referred to as “barter” or “big barter. We can counter trade generally understood to include barter, trade account, each purchase, the product repurchase, resale and trade is the sale of goods context, and out of combination of exports to offset the import trade for the same characteristics of a variety of ways in general.

1 Overview of international trade, international trade, international trade, what is the (International Trade) is a different country (and / or region) between the exchange of goods and services activities. International trade is the international transfer of goods and services. International trade is also called the World Trade. International trade by import trade (Import Trade) and the export trade (Export Trade) composed of two parts, it is sometimes referred to as import and export trade. From a national point of view of international trade is foreign trade (Foreign Trade). 2, how is the international trade international trade in certain historical conditions and developed. The formation of international trade, the two basic conditions are: (1) development of social productivity; (2) formation of the country. Development of social productive forces for the exchange of surplus goods, these surplus goods exchanged between countries, international trade is generated. 3, international trade and foreign trade, foreign trade is the difference between a country (or regional) with other countries (or regions) of the goods, technologies and services in exchange activities. Therefore, when foreign trade indicate that particular country. Such as China’s foreign trade; some islands such as Britain, Japan, Foreign Trade, also known as the overseas trade. The classification of an international trade, according to the direction of movement of goods in international trade can be divided into 1, the import trade (Import Trade): the goods or services of foreign domestic market. 2, the export trade (Export Trade): the country’s output of goods or services to foreign markets. 3, cross-border trade (Transit Trade): A country’s products that have been transported to the territory of State C. State B market, in terms of country C is the transit trade. As cross-border trade on the role of international trade barriers, present, WTO member states and do not engage in cross-border trade. Second, the form of international trade by commodity can be divided into 1, the visible trade (Visible Trade): a physical form of the import and export goods. 2, the invisible trade (Invisible Trade): the physical form of the import and export of technologies and services. For example, machinery, equipment, furniture, etc. are all physical form of commodities, import and export as visible trade. The transfer of patent rights, tourism, cross-border provision of financial services, insurance companies are not the physical form of goods, import and export is called invisible trade. Third, by producing and consuming countries in trade relations can be divided into an international trade, direct trade (Direct Trade): refers to the commodity-producing countries and consumer goods are not traded through a third country goods act. Trade in the exporting country as direct exports, the importing country in as direct imports. 2, the indirect trade (Indirect Trade) and re-exports (Transit Trade): refers to the commodity-producing countries and consumer goods are traded through third countries, commodities, indirect trade producers as indirect exporters, as consumers indirectly importing country, and the third country is the re-export trade, the third country is engaged in entrepot trade. For example, the post-war Iraq, there are some opportunities, but also a great risk. Some enterprises in China’s exports to Iraq, most of Iraq is to first sell to neighboring countries, then re-exported to neighboring countries of Iraq Iraq.

1, international trade is a foreign-related courses, students apply “association method” learning. This is because students are not exposed to international trade, international finance specific operations. In the study on the course content should try to think of domestic trade, the current domestic financial or economic life. For example: when the balance of payments in learning, think of a family, an income and expenditure of enterprises and institutions; learning exchange rate, usually associated with the press, radio and television in the understanding of knowledge; learning objectives and the pricing of foreign enterprises principles associated with the domestic company’s pricing objectives and principles; in the study of international settlement, associated with the domestic settlement methods, practices, procedures; and so on. Identify similarities and differences, to facilitate their grasp of these issues.

2, should be used “from thin to thick, from thick to thin” reading method. The so-called “from thin to thick” is the first pass reading this material should be carefully read through, from the first page to the last sequence read, reflect on the contents do not understand, if still can not understand, take notes ask people; so-called “from thick to thin”, that is, after the first pass through the finish, the entire contents of the system, knowledge point filter again, you will find the original of a thick material, the actual knowledge points is then some. Here, the key is read when the first pass, every knowledge point to try to read, read through.

3, should read some reference books to find one or several good reference books and supporting materials to read. The benefit is that the textbooks do not understand the problem, perhaps in reference books to find a more detailed explanation. Because each of the materials are not exhaustive, thoroughly publicize the knowledge of each point will be made clear. This did not thoroughly publicize the materials, the materials which may be talking about this very thoroughly; this thoroughly publicize the materials, the materials which may be only a few words in this passing; the description of the materials from one point of view, it a description of materials from another angle. Materials by several students, while reading, you can better grasp the key, difficult. This reading method is called “lesson-reading.”

4, to seize the knowledge points and strengthen systematic, increase training intensity. This is critical. Knowledge points for each course is reflected in the materials very clearly, the key is to know what knowledge the students point. For example, teaching the second chapter, “International Trade Theory”, the knowledge points are: mercantilism, strict when. Smith’s absolute cost, said David. Ricardo’s comparative advantage that Ohlin factor endowment model (Hz Russia theorem). Liszt’s protection of trade theory, Keynes’s super-protection of trade theory. These are the pre-World War II, international trade theory. After the war there are some new developments, including some Western economists developed new ideas and developing new ideas of economists.

However, only the knowledge to understand these points is not enough, should also take these ideas systematically, for example, bourgeois mercantilism is the first economic theory, it is the advocates of trade protection; Adam. Smith said the solution proposed by the absolute cost in terms of trade under free trade system in various countries of the reason, but its main drawback is if a country can not solve the absolute minimum to get no cost of goods, is not it not participate in the international division of labor ; to address Adam. Smith’s shortcomings, David. Ricardo put forward that the relative costs (comparative advantage says), that a country could not even get the absolute low-cost goods, but can come up with a relatively low cost of goods, but also get to participate in international division of labor and comparative advantage; Adam. Smith and David said absolute cost. Ricardo’s comparative advantage is that only the cost of goods from countries that perspective to the discussion how to get more interest and, therefore, Ohlin further from the cost factor to look at how countries through the international division of labor to obtain more benefits. Compared with the preceding theory has greatly developed the theory, we call Ohlin is the founder of modern international trade; as Adam. Smith and David. Ricardo is standing in the British industrial revolution has occurred the perspective of the causes of free trade and, therefore, almost David. Ricardo is a contemporary Eph. Liszt was still standing in less developed in Germany and the U.S. point of view the idea of ​​proposing to implement a trade protection, but the idea of ​​trade protection is a defensive, to prevent like Germany, like the United States compared with Britain is still less developed countries, the domestic economy from the impact of the United Kingdom; was about. Cairns from Western countries to solve the economic crisis, the purpose of starting that “super-protection of trade theory,” and Liszt’s theory, this theory are very different, this is an offensive, aggressive theory that a country should do anything to trade surplus to address domestic economic crisis. Through this systematic analysis, students will be the pre-war trade theory, the West has a profound grasp.

As another example, the fourth chapter, “encouraging other countries to restrict imports and exports of measures” in the chapter. In mastering the knowledge point, you have to understand the major countries in the management of foreign trade measure is four categories: tariff barriers, non-tariff barriers to encourage exports, the export restrictions. The first two are measures to restrict imports, the latter two categories of measures to encourage exports (export restrictions only encouraged exports exception), collectively, the “Award of limited income.”

So, just to seize the knowledge is not enough to strengthen the macro-systemic is to enable students to grasp the entire course content on an important means.

Nevertheless, “to seize the knowledge points and strengthen systemic” is only a necessary condition for learning, “to increase the training intensity” is a sufficient condition for learning. Candidates in this course at the same time, should try to find some set of exercises to do by a certain amount of job training can be well digested, to consolidate the knowledge. Problem sets are more in the community, students can borrow to buy other ways to collect.

6, the rote learning should not. The course content more questions as far as possible toward the direction of standardization, issues a large amount of test sites and more, test more flexible. Therefore, students should not rote learning, be sure to understand the basis of memory, so as to maintaining the status quo, to ensure smooth clearance.

7, in areas where conditions permit, students can take into account the good quality management practices of social assistance units to study and review. By listening, learning to resolve their own difficulties encountered in the process; the same time, still hard to understand for themselves the content of question to the teacher.
朗读显示对应的拉丁字符的拼音

For the Wang family in Shenzhen, in the information age, it seems that anything can be a dream come true.

Completely empty-handed, she was made of international trade, and grew and grew. Recalled the first list to do a few strokes, Wang himself felt a little strange, because she did not understand international trade, do not know foreign languages, and even sells products industry is not very understanding.

The idea of ​​being stuck in the export business and foreign capital on

Wang runs a small printing business, as a result of the relationship, in 2078 she was exposed to a wide variety of enterprises, involving all sectors, and therefore accumulated a lot of social relationships.

Shenzhen is a very well developed sense of urban commodity, as an important base for Chinese manufacturing industry, where the market is very competitive. Wang can not help but have that feeling, if we can play up to their usual relationship, the Chinese products sold abroad, whether in the prices of the markets of developed countries or in third world countries, the shortage of the product market, profits There must be better than impressive.

Wang know Alibaba website to sell products to the domestic small and medium enterprises to go abroad, to try on the Alibaba website to look for opportunities. She found that, while domestic business by Alibaba to do only pay 2300 yuan per year, but if you want to do international business through Alibaba, pay much higher pay 40,000 yuan per year to 6 million range.

“To pay the cost too much! My business is done in print, but not to the domestic foreign enterprises to do the printing. In fact, I just want to maintain my usual relationship, introduce some business to go abroad.” Wang said. More importantly, Wang Hua understand foreign languages. Alibaba online and posted on the foreign market demand are all foreign languages, including English, Japanese and Korean, Wang Hua little read.

Wang also had another query, “Global Sources’ corporate network,” and also make domestic and foreign SMEs B2B trade, this site’s corporate members are required to pay a few million to more than ten thousand dollars in annual fees. “In fact, I just wanted to use my spare time, see if you can do something with their own resources, if the first pay tens of thousands of dollars, too risky.” Wang said.

CIS export trading company round dreams

Inadvertently, Wang saw a post on the Internet, that there is a trade company specializing in the CIS to find partners, do not have money, do not need to understand foreign languages ​​and foreign trade, as long as China can find a good price for cargo business, both the company after completion of the transaction volume of transactions in accordance with the percentage of commission to the introducer. After what happened supplier transactions, the company will be in proportion to the introducer commission.

The company also said it in the CIS has offices in various countries, such as Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Karaganda, Republic of Moldova Chisinau, etc.

“It appears not small,” To understand this company is not a lie, Wang also went to the company’s offices in Shenzhen Zouliaoyizao, “more than 40 people, many foreign employees, as is a big company. ”

CIS includes the former Soviet Union formed a dozen countries. “I know these countries are the development of heavy industry, light industry products are very backward, I can play the advantages in resources, I am determined to try.”

Business from this website on behalf of area, Wang fancy and start doing the first one is a monitor business. This residential building is located in front of the monitor is very popular in Chinese cities, but it is not common in the CIS countries. A Russian company to install such equipment on the factory floor, but could not find cheap products.

“I think that there are a few clients and friends is the production of such security devices, has been there from, they want to come on to the price and data information sent to the company, then to the Russian translation of this company. “The Russian side said he was immediately interested. Interestingly, Russian companies also do not understand international trade, say you want to monitor, but did not elaborate on what kind of product to specifications. Wang lot of effort, the Chinese picture of the product of several manufacturers, specifications, prices made the chart, and then reviewed to Sanski Most, and then referred to the Russian enterprises.

“Come and go back seven or eight data transfer, extremely busy, I felt discouraged, believing that the trading company is making things difficult for me, let me deliberately made.” Wang said. However, shares her stubborn strength, because there is no tried and foreign companies doing trade, determined to stick to the end.

Unexpectedly, more than a month after Russia said the decision to sign the bill, to 50 units, worth nearly 10 million, Wang also got the upfront payment. “On the first down is not much commission, also one thousand dollars, but the key is I made the first international trade, and this production company is also constantly monitor the signing.”

Russia feedback as well, once there are several Russian companies to monitor Chinese manufacturers to order, what is wrong with tens of million of goods, Wang has got the commission.

Out of control

“The Internet allows foreign companies are very easy to contact, I feel although I would not language, but we must learn to take full advantage of this feature.” From the beginning of the deal after Wang’s enthusiasm for, the business is out of control.

After Wang has done a lot of pen and the CIS trade. CIS, a manufacturer of medical products to do, because there is no locally to find a suitable glass bottles, so the thought of seeking the goods to the Chinese suppliers. Glass manufacturers for Wang is too familiar, she engaged in the printing business, the less contact with these customers also have dozens. Because manufacturers are already familiar with the style characteristics of the CIS, this time less than a month she signed exports 500 000 bottles of the list.

“The most interesting is a sweeping Ukrainian municipalities Buy list with a clean car.” Wang recalls. Six months ago, Ukraine’s cities want to update a municipal sanitation department, but the CIS countries lack sanitation equipment manufacturers, including cleaning the car manufacturers. Wang Hua see this information, immediately and domestic sanitation equipment factory made contact.

“A clean car, domestic offer at least ten million, but for the CIS market, this is the price of the cheapest.” Ukraine is very satisfactory offer on the Chinese side, quickly ask for a detailed technical information, and further discuss shipping costs. While the first group to purchase just a few more, but the Ukrainian city of the future updates sanitation equipment market space is great, Wang is clearly the future of the commission, no less.

“The key is to give me the opportunity of this model. I do not know foreign languages, do not know how to do international trade, there are only relationships, experience, and willing to endure hardship. China will not like me less, if more international trading platform to help solve the language, technical and other problems that we are willing to try to do more. ”

Wang had to do the printing firm size is very small, only a few thousand dollars a month income will, try to cook the international trade since after Wang’s idea has generated a lot of changes. “In the past I want to do with spare time to do international trade, but now I consider a major effort to do. A I know, a Chinese manufacturer dedicated to the” Business Bridge – Commonwealth of Independent States “in August of this year CIS market, the CIS will allow more companies to China for opportunity, I will have more space to create wealth through this second career, I estimate that next year I could get 300,000 yuan a year to 40 million reward, than I had dry is much easier. ”

The basic procedures of international trade
1. Customer Inquiry: General before the customer places the purchase Order, the Order Inquiry will have related to the business, doing some of the details of the understanding. 2. Price: business guests promptly check to determine the goods name, model, manufacturer, quantity, delivery, payment, packaging specifications and cabinet type, etc., Performa Invoice to the customer to do a formal offer. 3. Get the order: After their talks, the official receipt of customer orders for purchase Order. 4. Under production orders: the order is confirmed to be the guests, to the factory orders, arrange production plan. 5. Business approval: Business Department received orders, to make the first business audit table. Click “export contract audit table” items fill out as much as possible the various estimated costs were set out. Guests must include the approval of contracts fax orders, purchase contracts with factories. Review form to be signed by the clerk, department manager for approval before submitting the Management Department staff review before implementation. As significant, or the terms of such advances and commissions, to approval by the General Manager Caixing. After the approval of contracts, sales orders made, to the department staff to follow up the process. 6. Issued a notice of production: in determining the delivery business, the production of the following conditions may be issued with notices factory production time: 6.1: If L / C payment customers, usually one month before delivery to confirm L / C has been received, receipt of L / C, respectively, after review of letters of credit sales, and Dan Zhengyuan, check for errors, to safeguard the delivery, and other possible problems, if any problem should immediately change your guests card. 6.2: If T / T payment to customers, make sure the deposit has been credited into account. 6.3: If the customer is put off, or by bank D / A receipt, etc., etc., required managers to confirm. 7. Inspection 7.1: In the week before delivery, to notify the company of surveyors inspection. 7.2: If the guests want their own inspection personnel or designated inspection, and to delivery a week ago, some customers check cargo and cargo inspection date inform the Ministry of Planning. 7.3: If the guest specified by a third party inspection and other inspection companies or just the line, to the delivery and inspection contact two weeks ago, inspection appointment time to ensure delivery before the arranged time. Factory inspection will determine the time of notification. 8. Preparation of basic documents. Information provided by the packing plant, making the export contract, export commercial invoice, packing list and other documents (produced by the business Merchandiser, to the Dan Zhengyuan). 9. Inspection: If the national statutory inspection of the product, giving an order to show the factory inspection requirements, and provide export contracts, invoices and other inspection required information. And to tell the export port facility in the future, easy plant for inspection. Should get a week before shipment inspection replacement vouchers / bar. 10. Charter provides warehouse: 10.1. If the contract is signed with the customers FOB CHINA terms, guests will usually specify the shipping agent or shipping company. As soon as possible contact with the freight forwarding, shipping this intention will be to arrange about the export ports, schedules, etc., Q to confirm whether the plant’s delivery schedules open at least a week earlier than before, and sailing can meet the request of the cross delivery time. Should be two weeks before delivery to the shipping company issued a written notice given positions (ING ORDER), usually set sail a week ago to get a position paper. 10.2. If the seller to pay the freight, as soon as possible to the shipping company or shipping company consulting schedules, tariffs, sailing port and so on. By comparison, select the price and good reputation, sailing appropriate shipping company, and told the clerk a notice to guests. If guests do not consent to elect the guests recognized the shipping company. Fixed positions in writing two weeks before sailing, the program above. 10.3. If the goods are not a small cabinet, the need to take the cargo, the freight forwarding company to set bulk positions. Get the warehousing of paper, but also understand the cut off time, warehousing, customs requirements, and so on. 10.4. Fixed positions to the transport company, be sure to fax a written position paper set, marked by fixed schedules, container type and quantity, destination, etc., in order to avoid errors. 11. Arrangements Trucking: 11.1. Well after the passage of goods and inspection, the company entrusted to provide container trailer, container loading. Towing company should choose safe, reliable, affordable long-term cooperation signed an agreement to ensure safety and punctuality. To give the towing company fax the following information: confirmation of position set / release cabinet paper, shipping company, will warehouse number, haulage power of attorney stating the loading time, container type and quantity, loading address, customs brokers, and shipping ports and so on. Inspection company to see if there is loading, to a special statement, not late. And require the return of a pooled data showing the container number, license plate number, drivers and telephone number 11.2. Fax information to a loading facility, stated OTC time, container type, provides warehouse number, order number, license plate number and driver contact phone number. 11.3. Asked to leave the plant in a container loading facility fax a copy as soon as possible after notification to the business, setting out the container from the factory, the actual quantity of loading and packing number and the seal number recorded as the bill of lading information. After loading the factory asked to remember the seal. 12. Delegate declaration: the declaration in the haulage while the required information to the co-brokers, commissioned to do the export declaration and clearance for a single inspection. Usually allow two days to give the declaration (before shipping cut-off). Delegate declaration should provide a loading information, including the load, and the number of ports, shipping companies, will warehouse number, container number, boat cut off time, towing companies, container type and quantity, the company’s contact and telephone. 13. Transportation document obtained: 13.1. No later than two days after sailing, feeding content to the bill of lading to the shipping company or fax freight forwarding. Feeding according to find L / C or the request of the guests do, and gives the correct quantity of goods, as well as some special requirements, including a bill of lading requires shipping companies to ship along with the proof. 13.2. Urge the shipping company as soon as the bill of lading and freight bill model. Carefully check the sample is correct, the bill of lading to the shipping company to confirm in writing the content. If the bill of lading to be confirmed guests, fax the bill of lading first model to customers, shipping companies then requested confirmation of the original. 13.3. Timely payment of transportation fees, notify the shipping company after payment of bills of lading and other shipping documents to obtain a timely manner. Registration should be done to pay the freight. 14. Prepare other documents 14.1. Commercial invoice: L / C requested documents, the most demanding on the commercial invoice. To determine the date of the invoice after the date of issuing, prior to delivery. Invoice of the goods described with L / C on the same, the amount should be lower case and upper case is correct. L / C terms on the invoice should be displayed to show marks. If the invoice to be certified for each embassy, ​​generally 20 days in advance. 14.2. FORMA Certificate of Origin: FORM A certificate of origin prior to shipment Inspection and Quarantine Bureau to bid. Must be noted that the date of transport in the L / C before delivery and sailing date, the invoice date. Not handled prior to delivery, to apply after a certificate is required to provide declarations, bills of lading and other documents. Transshipment cargo, FORM A certificate is usually to go to Hong Kong, China inspection company for endorsement to prove that the goods are not in Hong Kong for re-processing. 14.3. General Certificate of Origin: General Certificate of Origin for Trade Promotion in China, requiring lower. In delivery time not too long after the replacement. If the certificate of origin to apply for endorsement of the embassy, ​​and also the same invoice to 20 days in advance. 14.4. Shipping Notice: generally required within a few days after sailing, to inform the guests shipment details, including name, flight times, sailing date, expected arrival date, and quantity of goods, amount, number of packages, marks, agents and other port of destination. Sometimes L / C required to send proof, such as fax report, sent a letter to reprint, etc., pay attention to the time required by the guests go through. 14.5. Packing List: Packing list should be clear that the packing of goods. To display the contents of each box the number of each box of the gross weight, net weight, Meas. Carton size calculated by the total volume to be consistent with the total volume indicated. To show marks and box number, so that guests find. Packing list of weight, volume to be in the bill of lading. 15. Pay one: 15.1. The use of L / C exchange earnings, should be required to pay one time, get ready all the documents, and strict examination of documents, to ensure no errors, only to pay the bank for negotiation. 15.2. The use of T / T exchange earnings, immediately after the fax in the bill of lading bill of lading to the payment is made, confirmed by the balance after the original bills of lading and other documents will be sent to guests. 15.3. If the T / T exchange earnings, requirements to receive the full amount made cabinets, and then to wait for payment arrangements Trucking. Get sent immediately after the original bill of lading bill of lading to the guests. 16. Business Registration: Every single export business done in a timely manner after completion of registration, including computer registration and the registration in writing, to facilitate later queries, and statistics. 17. Filing of documents: all documents, L / C, and negotiating a set of documents must be retained for future reference. 18. Dan Zhengyuan usually should be noted that changes in tariff collection, schedules, routes, and other information for the sales offer help.

Trade is used by buyers and sellers in international trade transactions of various specific practices. In foreign trade activities, each transaction to go through some of the trade to carry out. Trade buyers and sellers in the transaction process with different products, different regions and different objects, according to the needs of both the formation. Currently popular in the international trade in a variety of trade, all kinds of trade can also be cross, with the development of international trade, new trade patterns are emerging.
The organization of trade
International trade, trade in the common form of organization can be classified according to their trade agreements, have a fixed form of organization of trade, no fixed form of organization of trade.
Trade agreement between the parties in accordance with trade agreements for trade can be divided into bilateral trade agreements and multilateral trade agreements, trade agreements between governments and civil society signed the trade agreement.
Have a fixed form of organization of trade in accordance with certain regulations and trading conditions in specific locations of trade transactions, mainly commodity exchanges, the international auction, tender and bidding, International Fair and Expo, in international trade, the some commodities, especially commodities trading, usually have a fixed form of organization of trade.
No fixed form of organization of trade is not in accordance with fixed rules and terms of trade, non-specific locations in the transaction more flexible trade methods, generally can be divided into two categories: 1) is a simple way of buying and selling of goods, such as unilateral unilateral import and export; 2) is combined with other factors, the complex buying and selling methods, including agents, underwriting, insurance reform, consignment, compensation trade, barter trade, processing trade, lease and trade, this approach has great flexibility to adapt to the international trade in a variety of different needs.
A variety of international trade on the market, in the capitalist mode of production, development, expanding international trade, process, adapt to different political, economic needs and evolving, especially after 60 years since the 1980s, as many decreased ability to pay of foreign countries, resurgence of trade protectionism, some of the flexible trade methods, such as compensation trade, barter trade, processing, assembly and other applications become increasingly common. A variety of trade with their different characteristics and advantages and disadvantages, should be chosen according to the feasibility of highly specific, less risk, greater trade benefits. In recent years, in order to expand opening up, for different countries and regions, different trading partners, different products, the flexibility to use a variety of internationally accepted methods of trading.
[Edit this section] the approach of international technology trade
International technology trade contract between the two countries belong to the parties to achieve this purpose to conclude the transfer of technology provisions of rights and obligations of both sides of the legal documents. Its form is often the way with the corresponding international technology trade, such as licensing contracts, technical services and consulting contracts, co-production contracts, equipment contracts. One license contract is the most basic, the most typical and most common form. Technology services and consulting contracts are more typical and widely used. Thus, there is only the introduction of these two contract forms.
A licensing contract
Licensing contract is a licensed trade, technology, supply-side to allow (permit) technology used by the parties paid their intellectual property or other proprietary technology and signed a licensing agreement. According to the different levels of authority, which has exclusive license contracts, exclusive licensing contract, the general licensing contracts, transferable license contract, the type of cross-licensing contracts. Different according to their subject of the contract, another patent licensing contracts, trademarks and know-how licensing contracts and other types of licensing contracts.
Because different types of licensing contracts, the terms of the contract and its contents are the same parts, but also have their own special part.
Commonality of the terms of the license contract and the contents of the following:
(L) contract name and number. Contract name to accurately reflect the contents of the contract, the nature and characteristics. For example, “× × patent license contract.” Contract number is to identify the specific contract symbol, it reflects country licensee, licensee’s name and department and contract year, etc..
(2) signing time and place. The two sides signed a formal contract is the date of contract signing time and place are often linked. Time and place of signing of contract is often effective, application of the law and tax issues.
(3) he legal name and address. This is essential for communications, but also the two sides dispute the court’s jurisdiction and applicable law to determine the basis for one.
(4) in view of terms commonly used “in view of …” statement, hence the name. It is the descriptive terms used to explain the background of both parties, will and purpose of the covenant, which in particular made it clear to the licensor of the technology or the legitimacy of the rights owner and the licensee to receive technical experience and ability.
(5) define the terms. To make the contract are clear, succinct meaning cut, often define the following terms: the subject of important contract terms and terminology; national law or practice, or easy to have a different understanding of the important terms and ambiguous terms; important professional technical terminology; contract many times, need to be simplified terms and terminology. It should be noted that under the terms defined in the same terms and provisions of the contract occurs, the same meaning should be safe.
(6) transfer of technology, content and scope. This is a core part of the contract, is to identify the rights and obligations of the foundation. Its main provisions: specific technical name, size, performance and technology required to achieve targets; transfer mode (including contract product design information, production technology, the scope of information and content), the supplier of technology training and technical services to be borne by responsibilities and obligations, the specific number of trainees, methods, technology services and treatment conditions to achieve the goal, the recipient can use technology to manufacturing, sales and export licensing product areas; use of the mark means, and so on.
(7) the exchange of technical improvements and development. The contract period, for by the two parties are likely to make the original transfer of technology or the development of a new and improved. In general, the improvement and development of technology to improve and develop ownership shall be vested in a party all. The two sides should undertake a continuous exchange of such improvement and development of technology obligations. Improvement or development of such technologies in exchange approach should be clearly defined in the contract. Usually provides the direction of the licensee to license and develop technology to provide improved terms as “continue to provide technical assistance provisions,” the licensee will be permitted to provide the direction and development of technology to improve the terms of call costs reciprocity, the principle of exchange of the same period.
(8) delivery of technical documents. This provision includes the delivery of technical documentation time, place and manner of technical data package requirements, technical documentation short loss remedies, and technical documents using text and technical parameters of weights and measures and so on.
(9) technology and the price paid. Technology is the technology by side price for the wish to obtain the right to use technology to pay for the technical side can accept the performance royalty money. And pricing of tangible goods, the technical pricing is a complex issue, and its level depends on many pixels, mainly for the advance party for the completion of the direct costs of exchange; the supply side of the expected profits; the technology life cycle and which cycle phase; Supply technical services for the party proposed amount; purpose and scope of technology use; side by side for the authorization level for the technical side of security and acceptance by the parties; technology supply and demand; the economic benefits of technology; by side the country’s political environment and the protection of property rights status, and so on. .
Technology and the price of payment methods are also different from tangible goods, there are three common practices: First, a lump sum. About royalties, technical data and technical service fees and charges a settled sum, the total amount of a lump sum or in installments friends. The second is a royalty payment. That is, when the technical implementation, the year of the contract products or production or sales, profits as a technology to extract a certain percentage of the purchase price paid. Third entry Feijia Ti as payment. That is, when the contract in force or technical information received by the party after the first payment of a sum agreed upon amount, and then gradually commission fees.
(10) guarantee. The main provision is to safeguard the interests of the licensee, the licensee’s responsibility to strengthen. It includes the right to guarantee and technical assurance of two elements. Mainly refers to the right to ensure that the licensee should ensure that it is the legal transfer of technology are those who care, and the right to technology transfer, such transfer within stipulated in the contract to not infringe the rights of any third party. Technical assurance is guaranteed in the contract for the parties to provide technical, it provides technology is safe and practical, the contract can produce qualified products. In the warranty, the main content is to provide technical assurance. Mainly in view of the guaranteed rights provisions, infringement and other provisions added
To provide.
(11) Other provisions. In addition to the above provisions, the licensing contract as well as “claims, force majeure, taxes, application of the law and dispute resolution, contract terms, text and signature, annex to the contract terms and other content with these similar contract for the sale of general merchandise, therefore not repeat them.
Special provisions of the license contract is based on the specific characteristics of the subject of the contract terms to be set.
Patent licensing terms of the contract special provisions, including patents, patent remains valid provisions and so on.
Patent terms. The terms of the transfer of proprietary technology must be clear legal status, listing patent number, patent country, time and duration of application. If the patent is pending, will have to stipulate in the contract the power of the future obligations of both how the results change with the application, and so on. To maintain effective patent terms. Most of the state, the patentee must pay an annual fee in order to maintain a valid patent. Therefore, should generally be provided in the contract: licensee obliged by law to pay an annual fee to maintain the validity of the patent being transferred; Ruoyin pay the annual fee is not a result of patent expiration, the contract will therefore be discharged. In patent licensing contract provisions should be listed patents use of the mark, infringement and handling terms, and so on.
Trademark license contract special provisions are: the content and features trademarks, trademarks of legitimacy and effectiveness; by side in the form of trademark; the management of trademarks; product quality supervision on the right.
Proprietary technology licensing contract special provisions are: the initial confidentiality agreement, confidentiality, and examination and testing provisions. Confidentiality agreement during the initial technical primarily talks the two sides reached an agreement of confidentiality, technology and trade to ensure that the contract is not reached in the case of an obligation by the parties within a certain period of time, obtain from the supplier all the technical secrets confidential. Privacy is a deal the two sides were set on the contract duty of confidentiality, measures and so forth.
Terms of nuclear acceptance test. Technology trade, “delivery” process, in fact, by the party for the delivery direction and impart technical knowledge, experience and skills in the process. Which in addition to the transfer of technical information, but more important is by word and deed to the recipient in the form of “delivery.” “Delivery” is complete? The delivery of “goods” are in line with contractual requirements? In technology trade with the assessment of these issues can only be contractual solution to the product. Therefore, the examination and testing provisions, you must specify the following main elements: examination and testing of the product model, specifications, quantity, examination and testing of content, standards, methods, frequency, examination and testing of the location, time, the use of key special test instruments and equipment the provision of both examination and testing personnel to participate in the arrangements and responsibilities, the burden of examination fees, examination results of the treatment, assessment failed accountability, economic, legal attribution of responsibility and so on.
Second, technology services and consulting units with
Technical services and technical advice of the international trade practice a technique commonly used in trade, because of its content, scope and form quite extensive, so the contents of the contract are not the same. But in general, technology services and consulting contracts include the following aspects.
(1) The subject of the contract. Specify the name of the main project contract, services, and ultimately to solve problems or to meet the technical requirements.
(2) Service requirements and forms. In this clause, should provide services to the passengers side to send technical personnel, grade, qualifications, work schedule, workplace and treatment conditions, the client the number of trained staff, qualifications, training, time, place, manner and treatment of conditions of service information or reports provided the time, place and manner, and the completion of technical services and consulting time.
(3) the responsibility of both. Commissioning party to an accurate presentation of the case, the service side to facilitate site visits; technical services required to pay consulting fees; time to accept each other’s work. Service side to do its utmost for the other services; timely reporting; timely answer the other questions; for each other secret, and so on.
(4) Consultation Report of the acceptance and processing. The case of advisory services, in consultation with the reporting period is over a certain period of time, the service side to provide a consultation report, the two sides will hold the respondent, commissioned by the service side to side to answer a question or challenge. If it is found in data reporting errors or other problems, should be required to correct the period, and inspection reports to determine the deadline.
(5) Other provisions. Others such as technical services and consulting pricing and payment; breach of contract and its treatment; on engineering design, product development and other technical service contracts and warranties, etc. should be stipulated in the contract.

Online shop process:

The first step, did not start on the Internet, but in your mind.

You need to think well what they have to open a shop. At this point, open shop with no distinction between the traditional shops, looking for a good city to try their products competitive is the cornerstone of our success.

The second step, select the shop platform or website.

You need to choose a store platform to provide personal web site, registered users. This step is very important.

Most sites will require real names and identification cards with valid documents to be registered. In the choice of site, strong popularity and whether the charges, and fees, are very important indicators. Many now offer free shop service platform, which can save you a lot of gold.

The third step is to apply to the website set up shop.

You have to fill in their own shops to provide the classification of goods, for example, you sell fashion watch, then it should be classified in the “jewelry, watches, glasses” in the “watch” category, so that your target audience to find you can accurately . Then you need to shop for themselves from the eye-catching name, click in the list which users store, depending on whether the name more appealing. Shop display some personal information, should be true and complete, in order to increase trust.

The fourth step is to purchase.

From the channels and platforms you are familiar with purchasing, cost control and low-priced stock is the key.

The fifth step, log production Lu

You need to each product name, origin, location, nature, appearance, quantity, trading, transaction time and other information to fill in the website, the best picture with the goods. Name should be as comprehensive as possible, highlighting the advantages, because when people search for such goods, the only name on the list will be displayed. In order to increase the attractiveness of the picture quality should be better, should try to explain in detail, if necessary by mail, the best statement who is responsible for postage.

Log also a very important thing is to set the price. Usually websites will provide the starting price, reserve price, a price set by the seller and other projects. Suppose the seller to sell a $ 100 clothing purchase price, intended to be sold for $ 150. If it is a traditional owner, as long as the price of $ 150 marked the first, if are no longer marketable, then a little bit lower prices. However, different online auction, sellers want to set a starting price, since buyers bid up. The lower the starting price can lead to more interest buyers, some sellers to set one yuan starting is a good way to attract attention.

However, low starting price will be the last traded price is too low the risk, so the best sellers simultaneously set reserve price, for example, be 105 yuan for the reserve price to ensure that not less than the cost of goods to be bought. Another drawback of the starting price is too low may indicate a very low price you are willing to sell the goods, so that at a very low price on the auction wandering. If the seller that the auction is completed wait too long, you can set a price, once a buyer willing to pay the price of goods traded immediately, the disadvantage is that if a few buyers are interested, they can not jack up the price. Sellers according to their specific circumstances use these settings.

The sixth step, marketing.

In order to enhance their popular shop in the shop early, should be appropriate for marketing promotion, but only on the network is not enough, to online and offline promotions with a variety of channels. Such as buying a big traffic on the page “hot goods recommended” position, the Category list on the product name in bold, add images to attract attention. Can also be used at no cost advertising, such as with other shops and sites to exchange links.

Seventh step, the sale of services

Customers decide whether to buy, it is very likely you do not need a lot of the information provided, they made online at any time, you should reply promptly and patiently. Note, however, many sites in order to prevent sellers in private transactions to avoid transaction costs, buyers and sellers on the Internet would be prohibited to provide any personal contact information, such as mail, telephone, or they will be punished.

Eighth step, the transaction

Transaction, the website will notify the parties of the contact, according to the agreed way transaction, you can choose to meet the transaction, you can also transfer, mail the way the transaction, but as soon as possible to avoid the other suspect your credit. Whether to provide additional service, but also as the two sides agreed in advance.

The ninth step, evaluation or complaints

Credit is the online trading in a very important factor, in order to build credit environment, if the transaction is satisfied, it is best to give each other high praise and good service through access to each other at home. If the transaction fails, should be given negative feedback, or complaints to the site in order to reduce losses, and warning others. If the other complaints should be handled as soon as possible, so as not to stain for their own credit.

The tenth step, after-sales service

Needless to say this is a perfect and thoughtful after-sales service is very important business to keep enduring the chips, keep in touch with customers of different, good customer management.

[NextPage]

Online shop mode of operation:

If you are considering online shop, should be based on the actual situation of individuals, to choose a suitable mode of operation. Online shop business there are three main ways:

1) online shop and the shop under a combination of network mode of operation. This shop because the shop under the net support in commodity prices, sales skills are more consistent, and easy access to consumer recognition and trust.

2) full-time business shop. Operators will have all the energy put into operation on the site, the online shop as all his work, the shop’s income as the main source of personal income.

3) part-time business shop. The operator will operate the shop as their sideline, for example, now many students after school hours in the shop business. There are also some who use the workplace to facilitate the work of set up shop, sources of income.

Product articles

Select the product to catch big fish

To shop online, we must first have appropriate goods sold through the network, not all are suitable for online sales of goods for personal shop sales. I passed three competitive strategies to help you choose the right products.

Suddenly, the choice of goods must not choose to buy those goods everywhere, everywhere, who now can buy goods, the buyer why to buy you, you plus postage, certainly than most expensive. Even if sold, not earn money. You’re looking for some rare items, so naturally people pay big bucks to buy your commodities. This will apply a differentiated competitive strategy.

The second is the use of regional price differences to make money. Many goods in different areas, prices vary a lot, such as electrical appliances category, Guangdong and other coastal cities cheaper than inland, and collectibles in the ancient capital cities (Beijing, Xi’an, Luoyang) along the coast off than cheap, therefore you from yourself look around, look around their own rich and merchandise not available elsewhere, so as to better price! This also applied to the cost leadership strategy.

Do not do raw cooked, try not to get involved you do not know if you: love hand, love cross-stitch, hand-painted love, love creative things, we might open a related DIY shops. Where are the shops of the popular. Because the characteristics of very little, and so easy to attract. If you: are very good photography, like digital products, whether they have no physical store, you can try in this area. The most important thing is to become the expert in this field. Initiative to answer members’ questions, provide members of your knowledge of the sale of goods. A long time, word of mouth is good, and we thought this shopping, you will first think of you. Short, each person has their own expertise. Any time, learn to play vividly their expertise is very important not to take his own shortcomings Qupin strengths of others. Here also the relative innovative application of specialized strategies.

According to the recommendations of the industry through the sale of the breakdown products found online, online shop selling the right goods generally have the following characteristics:

1) smaller: The main is to facilitate transport and reduce transport costs.

2) with higher added value: the value lower than the single item of freight is not suitable for online sales.

3) have unique or fashion: online shop selling good products are often unique or very stylish.

4) The prices are reasonable: If the network can be used under the same price to buy, no one online purchase.

5) can be provoked by the website for the viewer’s desire to purchase: If this product must be purchased in person to see before they can achieve the required trust, then do not shop for online sales.

6) under the net is not only the Internet to buy, such as trade orders directly to the product or products brought back from abroad.

When you choose a class or after a few products, we must begin to understand customers and competitors in the market survey again to determine your choice is correct, because most of the time of your choice is your own experience or based on asymmetric information to judge, the judge often wrong, and ultimately may have lead to the failure of your business. Online shop for small business such behavior, we provide some basic market research methods:

1, you can take your ideas or samples of relatives or friends around to listen to the views of as many of them may be your potential customers

Study the development of a country’s foreign trade, mainly by means of regular government announced the foreign trade balance. In general, the balance sheet contains a more systematic manner that export and import statistics, largely reflects a country’s foreign trade in a specific period of time as well as national economic development. A country’s foreign trade by exporting more than, less than or equal to imports, etc., respectively, constitute the trade surplus, deficit or balance of trade.

1. Trade surplus (Favorable Balance 0f Trade). The so-called surplus is a country in a given year is greater than the import export trade volume of total trade, also known as “surplus.” That year the country’s foreign trade in a good position. The size of the trade surplus largely reflects a country’s foreign trade activities in the state of a given year. Typically, a country should not be large numbers of long-term trade surplus, because it can easily lead to trading partners with the friction. For example, the United States, bilateral relations between China and Japan market fluctuation, one of the reasons is the huge surplus in Japan’s long-term condition. At the same time, often resulting in a large number of foreign exchange earnings on the market of a country along with the amount of money put up, which is likely to lead to inflationary pressures, is not conducive to the sustained, healthy development.

2. Trade deficit (Unfavorable Balance 0f Trade). The so-called trade deficit is a country in a given year is greater than the total trade value of imports in total exports, commonly known as “trade deficit”, reflecting the country’s foreign trade in the year at a disadvantage. Similarly, a government authorities should try to avoid long-term trade deficit, since large deficits will cause an outflow of domestic resources, external debt increased. This situation will also affect the normal operation of the national economy.

3. Trade Balance (Balance of Trade). Balance of trade is a country in a given year foreign trade imports and exports have tended to balance. Throughout the world (regional) government’s foreign policy practice, this phenomenon is not much. In general, a government in foreign trade import and export should try to maintain a balance, a slight surplus, a move conducive to the healthy development of national economy.